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Ivan the Terrible (born 1911) is the nickname given to a notorious guard Ivan Marchenko, at the Treblinka extermination camp during the Holocaust. The moniker alluded to Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible, the infamous Tsar of Russia. "Ivan the Terrible" gained international recognition from the 1986 John Demjanjuk case. Already in 1944 a cruel guard named "Ivan", sharing the distinct duties and the extremely violent behavior with a guard named "Nicholas", is mentioned〔A YEAR IN TREBLINKA By Yankel Wiernik An Inmate Who Escaped Tells the Day-To-Day Facts of One Year of His Torturous Experiences Published by AMERICAN REPRESENTATION of the General Jewish Workers' Union of Poland 175 East Broadway New York 2, N.Y. 1945 (Chapter 5) http://www.zchor.org/treblink/wiernik.htm#chapter5〕 in survivor literature (''Rok w Treblince'' by Jankiel Wiernik, translated into English as ''A Year in Treblinka'' in 1945); however, very little is known about Ivan Marchenko. John Demjanjuk was accused first of being Ivan the Terrible at the Treblinka concentration camp, but in 2011 he was accused of war crimes as a different guard named Ivan Demjanjuk who served at the Sobibor extermination camp. ==Background== Treblinka was managed by 20 to 25 ''SS'' overseers (Germans and Austrians) and 80 to 120 Hiwi guards of various Soviet ethnicities, including Russian and the majority of Ukrainian Red army prisoners of war. They were assisted by a cadre of Jewish inmates known as Kapos, who were prisoner functionaries. The name Ivan was not an uncommon name in the camp. Ivan (also Iwan in Polish and German) is a common Ukrainian,〔(Unsolved History: Investigating Mysteries of the Past ) by Joe Nickell, The University Press of Kentucky, 2005, ISBN 0813191378 (page 38)〕 Russian and Belarusian given name. ''Volksdeutsche'' were known to have Slavic given names.〔(Hitler's Last Courier ) by Armin D. Lehmann, Xlibris, 2001, ISBN 0738831212〕 An example would be, Ivan Klatt, a ''Volksdeutscher'' who served in the Sobibor extermination camp, as the Ukrainian guard leader.〔Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. (Aktion Reinhard Trawniki Staff Page. )〕 According to Rajchman six men called Ivan worked at Treblinka.〔 The vast majority of Hiwi guards who were trained at the Trawniki concentration camp facility had to contend with the language barrier. However, there were a number of ''Volksdeutsche'' among them,〔Gregory Procknow, (''Recruiting and Training Genocidal Soldiers'' ), Francis & Bernard Publishing, 2011, ISBN 0986837407 (page 35).〕〔(Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps ) by Yitzhak Arad, Indiana University Press, 1987, ISBN 0253342937 (page 21)〕 valued because they spoke German, Ukrainian, Russian and other languages. They could also understand basic Yiddish. The German and Austrian ''SS'' command, local Poles, and Jewish inmates often referred to guards as Ukrainians not only because of their ethnicity, or because they originated from Ukraine,〔Mirchuk, Petro. My meetings and discussions in Israel. A MEETING WITH THE 'DVAZHDI GEROY' (TWICE-OVER HERO) OF ISRAEL. http://exlibris.org.ua/mirchuk/r12.html〕 but because they spoke Ukrainian between themselves. Most of the squad commanders however were ''Volksdeutsche''.〔〔Gregory Procknow, (Recruiting and Training Genocidal Soldiers ), Francis & Bernard Publishing, 2011, ISBN 0986837407 (page 35)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ivan the Terrible (Treblinka guard)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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